CR 57:93-94 (2013)  -  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01168

ABSTRACT: Satellite imagery of weather was a major breakthrough in the technology of synoptic weather forecasts. Historically, the Earth’s climate has experienced dramatic changes, and researchers have found that long-term weather patterns do exist. Such long-term changes in weather patterns have very small variations in total atmospheric variables and cannot be observed directly. Complicated space–time detection of low energy signals is required and can be done only by computationally processing space–time data. We follow on from our previous study (Zurbenko & Cyr 2011; Clim Res 46:67-76) to display time and space images of surface temperature fluctuations over the United States, based on actual data collected over the last 30 yr. Reconstruction of these images is based on 3D filtration technology, and does not use parametric models. 

KEY WORDS: Separation of scales · Kolmogorov-Zurbenko spline · KZS · El Niño