MEPS

Marine Ecology Progress Series

MEPS is a leading hybrid research journal on all aspects of marine, coastal and estuarine ecology. Priority is given to outstanding research that advances our ecological understanding.

Online: ISSN 1616-1599

Print: ISSN 0171-8630

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps

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Volume contents
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 759:51-69 (2025)

Using photo identification to assess demographics and fishery interactions of oceanic whitetip sharks Carcharhinus longimanus in the main Hawaiian Islands

ABSTRACT:

Global declines in oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus populations have resulted in international protections and a ‘threatened’ listing under the United States Endangered Species Act in 2018. Despite having international regulations on catch and trade of C. longimanus populations, large gaps remain in our understanding of their basic biology, ecology, and population structure. The main Hawaiian Islands (MHIs), USA, are thought to be a biologically important area for central Pacific C. longimanus, where commercial and recreational fishers have reported seasonal spikes in abundance and interaction rates. Using photo-identification of dorsal fin patterns, this study describes population demographics, reproductive activity, fishery interactions, and associative behaviors of C. longimanus around the MHIs. From 2006 to 2024, 383 individuals were identified, with 42 individuals sighted more than once. The highest number of encounters was recorded during the spring (March-May) and the lowest in winter (December-February). The sex ratio was ~2:1 females:males (females n = 241: males n = 108), and 42 females (17.4%) had visible mating scars while 87 females (36.1%) had distended abdomens, possibly indicating pregnancy. Fishery interactions were observed on 157 individuals (26.3% of all encounters), and 46.8% of sharks observed in this study were found within 0.4 km of a fish aggregation device, while 19.2% were found in association with marine mammals. These results provide baseline information on C. longimanus around the MHIs and are necessary to inform conservation and management efforts for this protected species throughout the central Pacific Ocean.

KEYWORDS

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Molly Scott (Corresponding Author)

  • Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd., Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
mscott23@hawaii.edu, mollyscott23@gmail.com

Abigail Campbell (Co-author)

  • Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01908, USA

Lacey Scheeler (Co-author)

  • Department of Marine Science, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA

Deron Verbeck (Co-author)

  • PO Box 4597, Kailua Kona, HI 96745, USA

Stacia Marcoux (Co-author)

  • Hawai‘i Uncharted Research Collective, PO Box 868, Haiku, HI 96708, USA

Travis Marcoux (Co-author)

  • Hawai‘i Uncharted Research Collective, PO Box 868, Haiku, HI 96708, USA

Maria Harvey (Co-author)

  • Hawai‘i Uncharted Research Collective, PO Box 868, Haiku, HI 96708, USA

Devon Stapleton (Co-author)

  • Department of Land and Natural Resources’ Division of Aquatic Resources, Protected Species Program (PSP), 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813-3088, USA

Melanie Hutchinson (Co-author)

  • Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd., Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA

Handling Editor:
Konstantinos Stergiou, Thessaloniki, Greece

Reviewers:
C. Speed and 2 anonymous referees

Acknowledgements:

This study would not have been possible without the support of the Hawaii Community Tagging Program fishers and in-water participants who regularly submit their data to us. We are incredibly grateful to work with you all. Photo credits from this paper include: Deron Verbeck, Kayleigh Grant, Kaitlyn McQueeney, Olivia Miller, Rebecca Nutsch, Billy Middleton, Jason Lafferty, Jim Ward, Dylan Currier, Patty Peters, Doug Perrine, Christiana Hetzel, Brooks Masiba, and Kenton Geer. We also acknowledge Tom Boyd, Gerard Newell, Kim Jeffries, Jeff Milisen, Veronica Franklin, Kimberley Matucci, Andrew Aggergaard, Andre Estevez, Cory Fults, Alston Kaleohano, Bryan Balancio, Jamie Barlow, Lama Gaspar, Geoff Walker, Ted Toriano, and Mike Berman for their knowledge and assistance with our program over the years. We also thank Maria Harvey for her assistance in setting up the website and Anivat Chanachanchai and Elana Boekman for volunteering their time for fin matching. We are incredibly grateful for the opportunity to work with such a wonderful community to establish a bridge of communication between fishers, resource users, managers, and researchers, to promote sustainable fishing practices and reduce bycatch and depredation for the betterment of the lives of both sharks and fishers. This project was funded through the 2019 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Bycatch Reduction Engineering Program award number NA18NMF4720281; the NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources 2021 funding program; and the National Marine Fisheries Services Cooperative Research Program 2022.

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