MEPS prepress abstract   -  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14416

ABSTRACT: Blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) are declining around the world. In western Norway they have widely disappeared from rocky shores but still thrive on floating structures. Other refugia are cracks in rocks, exposed sites, and low salinity habitats. Climate change, pollution, disease, parasites, hybridization, and failed recruitment might not alone be able to create such distribution patterns. We hypothesized that crawling predators, unable to reach floating structures, may drive the present decline in western Norway. A known ferocious crawling predator without a pelagic stage and sensitive to low salinity and high wave action is the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus. Tributyltin (TBT) contained in anti-fouling paint made this snail sterile but is now banned and populations are recovering rapidly. We first surveyed floating structures together with nearby rocky shores for blue mussels and dogwhelks. Blue mussels were present on all surveyed floating docks (65% area covered), but only on 18% of rocky shores (≤5% area covered). Similarly, blue mussels were found on 83% of trees without bottom contact, but only on 1% when branches touched the seafloor. We then conducted a predator exclusion experiment with caged blue mussels (40-80 mm). In cages, mortality due to other factors than dogwhelks was extremely low (<1%) and confirmed that blue mussels continue to thrive when out of reach from predators. If dogwhelks or other crawling predators such as crabs or sea stars created the observed distribution pattern, then environmentally friendly mariculture with blue mussels growing on rafts and longlines might still have high potential in Norway.