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ESR 36:59-75 (2018)  -  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00875

Communicating amidst the noise: modeling the aggregate influence of ambient and vessel noise on baleen whale communication space in a national marine sanctuary

Danielle Cholewiak1,*, Christopher W. Clark2, Dimitri Ponirakis2, Adam Frankel3, Leila T. Hatch4, Denise Risch5, Joy E. Stanistreet6, Michael Thompson4, Elizabeth Vu7, Sofie M. Van Parijs1

1Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
2Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
3Marine Acoustics, Inc., 4350 Fairfax Drive, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
4Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 175 Edward Foster Road, Scituate, MA 02066, USA
5Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
6Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
7Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Physical Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
*Corresponding author:

ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic noise negatively impacts many species. One of the more insidious effects of elevated noise levels is the reduction in area over which animals are able to acoustically communicate, often termed communication masking. This study utilizes modeling approaches to evaluate relative levels of masking for 4 baleen whale species from the combination of current ambient noise conditions and noise from discrete vessels operating in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Acoustic data were collected using bottom-mounted autonomous recorders. One day was analyzed for each of 5 different species-specific sound types, corresponding to peaks in occurrence of fin and humpback whale songs, humpback whale social sounds, minke whale pulse trains and North Atlantic right whale gunshots. Source levels for animals and 3 categories of vessels were calculated empirically; sound propagation was modeled using Bellhop ray tracing. An agent-based modeling framework was used to calculate changes in communication space (CS) in comparison to reference conditions (10 dB lower than current ambient noise). In these single-day snapshots, current ambient noise and noise from vessels for which automatic identification system (AIS) data were available contribute most heavily to loss of CS, followed by whale-watching and fishing vessels. Right whale gunshots experience the least amount of masking, while fin, humpback and minke whale signals experience masking levels of 80% or more. While these results incorporate several simplifying assumptions, this study further develops the framework by which to comparatively quantify masking, providing information on the relative degree of masking experienced between species and allowing for important insights on the relative contributions of different anthropogenic sound sources.


KEY WORDS: Communication space · Baleen whales · Communication masking · Anthropogenic noise


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Cite this article as: Cholewiak D, Clark CW, Ponirakis D, Frankel A and others (2018) Communicating amidst the noise: modeling the aggregate influence of ambient and vessel noise on baleen whale communication space in a national marine sanctuary. Endang Species Res 36:59-75. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00875

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